Quantitatively, International Energy Agency (IEA) adatulutsa kale "Special Report pa Photovoltaic Global Supply Chain", yomwe imasonyeza kuti kuyambira 2011, China idayika ndalama zoposa 50 biliyoni za US kuti zikulitse mphamvu yopangira zida za photovoltaic, zomwe ndi nthawi za 10. kuti ku Europe.China yakhazikitsa ntchito zopanga zoposa 300,000;Makampani opanga ma photovoltaic ku China amatenga pafupifupi 80% ya mphamvu zopangira padziko lonse lapansi pamalumikizidwe onse opanga ma solar, kuchokera ku zida za silicon, ma ingots a silicon, zowotcha mpaka ma cell ndi ma module, omwe otsika kwambiri ndi silicon (79.4%), ndi wapamwamba kwambiri ndi silicon ingot (96.8%).IEA imaneneratunso kuti pofika chaka cha 2025, kuchuluka kwa China pamalumikizidwe ena kudzakhala 95% kapena kupitilira apo.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti IEA idzagwiritsa ntchito "dominate" pofotokoza momwe makampani a photovoltaic aku China akuyendera, ndipo ngakhale kunena kuti zingayambitse vuto linalake la photovoltaic supply chain. "... maboma ayenera kuthana nawo. "Ngati muyang'ana pa izo moyenerera, ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kuti ndemanga ya "New York Times" imawona makampani a photovoltaic ku China ngati chiwopsezo chachikulu."Lingaliro lachiwopsezo" lomaliza litha kukhalabe 5G.

Koma ma solar si okhawo omwe amalumikizana ndi PV value chain yoyendetsedwa ndi makampani aku China.Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana pa chipangizo china chocheperako, koma chovuta kwambiri pamagetsi opangira magetsi a photovoltaic-photovoltaic inverter.

Inverter, mtima ndi ubongo wa photovoltaics

Inverter ya photovoltaic imatha kutembenuza magetsi opangidwa ndi solar cell module kukhala alternating current ndi ma frequency osinthika ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga ndi moyo.Inverter imakhalanso ndi udindo wokulitsa mphamvu yopangira mphamvu ya mapanelo a photovoltaic ndikupereka chitetezo cha zolakwika zamakina, kuphatikiza koma osangokhala ndi ntchito zodziwikiratu komanso zotsekera, ntchito zowongolera mphamvu zotsogola, mndandanda wa ntchito zomwe zimafunidwa ndi makina olumikizidwa ndi gululi, ndi zina zambiri. .

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ntchito yaikulu ya photovoltaic inverter ingathenso kufotokozedwa mwachidule monga kutsata mphamvu yaikulu yotulutsa mphamvu ya photovoltaic module array, ndikudyetsa mphamvu zake mu gridi ndi kutayika kochepa kwambiri komanso mphamvu yabwino kwambiri.Popanda "mtima ndi ubongo" wa photovoltaic system iyi, magetsi opangidwa ndi maselo amakono a dzuwa sakanatha kupezeka kwa anthu.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a malo a unyolo wa mafakitale, inverter ili kumunsi kwa mafakitale a photovoltaic, ndipo imalowa mu chiyanjano pomanga dongosolo lamagetsi (mosasamala kanthu za mawonekedwe).

Kuchokera pamalingaliro amtengo wapatali, chiwerengero cha photovoltaic inverters pamtengo sichili chokwera.Kawirikawiri, chiwerengero cha makina opangidwa ndi photovoltaic ndi apamwamba kusiyana ndi magetsi akuluakulu apansi.

Ma inverters amakono a photovoltaic ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zamagulu, zomwe zimakhala zofala komanso zosavuta kuzimvetsa, ndipo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ya mankhwala.Pali mitundu inayi: yapakati, chingwe, yogawidwa ndi ma inverters ang'onoang'ono.Pakati pawo, micro-inverter ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi zipangizo zina zitatu, ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'makina ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi a photovoltaic, monga photovoltaics kunyumba, ndipo si yoyenera machitidwe akuluakulu.

Pakuwona gawo la msika, ma inverters a zingwe atenga malo apamwamba kwambiri, ma inverter apakati amakhala pachiwiri ndi kusiyana kwakukulu, ndipo mitundu ina imakhala yochepa kwambiri.Malinga ndi zomwe CPIA idapereka, ma inverters a zingwe amawerengera 69.6%, ma inverters apakati amawerengera 27.7%, ma inverters ogawidwa ali ndi gawo la msika pafupifupi 2.7%, ndipo ma inverters ang'onoang'ono sawoneka.ziwerengero.

Chifukwa chomwe ma inverter amakono amakono ndi amtundu wa chingwe ndi chakuti: mawonekedwe amagetsi ogwiritsira ntchito ndi otakata ndipo mphamvu yopangira mphamvu imakhala yolimba pakuwala kochepa;inverter imodzi imayang'anira zigawo zingapo za batri, zambiri zokha, zomwe zimakhala zocheperapo kuposa inverter yapakati Kuchuluka kwa ma jenereta masauzande ambiri, zotsatira za kulephera kosayembekezereka pa mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu ndizochepa;ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza ndizochepa, kuzindikira zolakwika kumakhala kosavuta, ndipo pamene cholakwika chichitika, nthawi yothetsa mavuto imakhala yochepa, ndipo kulephera ndi kukonza kumabweretsa kutaya pang'ono.

Komabe, ziyenera kutsindika kuti kuwonjezera pa magetsi akuluakulu, mafakitale a photovoltaic ali ndi zochitika zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo pali mitundu yambiri ya photovoltaics yogawidwa, monga photovoltaics yapakhomo, photovoltaics denga la fakitale, photovoltaic makoma a nsalu, ndi zina zotero.Kwa malo opangira magetsi a photovoltaic, boma limakhalanso ndi mapulani ofanana.Mwachitsanzo, mu Implementation Plan for Carbon Peaking in Urban and Rural Construction yoperekedwa ndi Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development ndi National Development and Reform Commission mu Julayi, akuti pofika 2025, nyumba zatsopano za boma, Denga. Kuchuluka kwa photovoltaic kwa nyumba ya fakitale yomwe yangomangidwa kumene ifika 50%.Zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito zimakhala ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana za ma inverters a photovoltaic, ndipo ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha mafakitale a photovoltaic, zotsatira za teknoloji pamakampani sizinganyalanyazidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti msika wa photovoltaic inverters ukhale wosatsimikizika.

Pankhani ya kukula kwa msika, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti chifukwa makampani opitilira m'modzi otsogola pamakampani opanga ma inverter sanalembedwe, kuwululidwa kosakwanira kwachidziwitso kwadzetsa zovuta zina zamawerengero, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwina kwama data omwe amaperekedwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mphamvu ya caliber.

Kuchokera pakuwona kukula kwa msika, malinga ndi ziwerengero za kutumiza: IHS Markit's PV inverter shipments mu 2021 ili pafupi 218GW, kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi chaka pafupifupi 27%;Deta ya Wood Mackenzie ndi yoposa 225GW, Kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi chaka ndi 22%.

Chifukwa chomwe makampani amakono opanga ma photovoltaic inverter ali ndi mpikisano wokwanira makamaka chifukwa cha phindu lamtengo wapatali lomwe limabweretsedwa ndi kukhazikika kwamitengo yamabizinesi apakhomo.Pakadali pano, pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa inverter ku China uli ndi mtengo wowonekera bwino, ndipo mtengo pa watt ndi pafupifupi 50% kapena 20% yamtengo wakunja.

Kuchepetsa mtengo komanso kukwera kwachangu ndiye njira yokwaniritsira

Panthawiyi, ma inverters apakhomo a photovoltaic akhazikitsa mwayi wina wopikisana nawo, koma ndithudi izi sizikutanthauza kuti palibe kuthekera kowonjezereka mu malonda.Njira zazikulu zochepetsera mtengo wa ma inverters a photovoltaic amtsogolo adzayang'ana mbali zitatu: kukhazikika kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu, kupititsa patsogolo kachulukidwe ka mphamvu ndi luso lamakono.

Pankhani ya mtengo, zida zachindunji za ma inverters a photovoltaic zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri, lopitilira 80%, lomwe lingagawidwe pafupifupi magawo anayi: ma semiconductors amagetsi (makamaka IGBTs), zida zamakina (zigawo zapulasitiki, zoponyamo, ma radiator, Zigawo zazitsulo zamapepala, etc.), zipangizo zothandizira (zida zotetezera, zopangira, ndi zina zotero), ndi zina zamagetsi (ma capacitors, inductors, ma circuit Integrated, etc.).Mtengo wazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma inverters a photovoltaic umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zopangira zopangira kumtunda, zovuta zopanga sizokwera, mpikisano wamsika ndi wokwanira kale, kutsika mtengo kwina kumakhala kovuta, ndipo malo ogulitsa ndi ochepa, omwe sangapereke zambiri. kuthandizira kuchepetsa mtengo wa ma inverters.

Koma zida za semiconductor ndizosiyana.Ma semiconductors amagetsi amawerengera 10% mpaka 20% ya mtengo wa inverter.Ndizigawo zazikuluzikulu zozindikiritsa ntchito ya inverter ya DC-AC ya inverter, ndikuwunika mwachindunji kusinthika kwa zida.Komabe, chifukwa cha zotchinga zapamwamba zamakampani za IGBTs, kuchuluka kwa kukhazikika pamalopo sikwapamwamba.

Izi zimapangitsa kuti ma semiconductor amphamvu akhale ndi mphamvu yamtengo wapatali kuposa zida zina.Ndiwonso kuchepa kwa semiconductor padziko lonse lapansi komanso kukwera kwamitengo kuyambira 2021 komwe kwadzetsa kukakamizidwa kodziwikiratu pa phindu la ma inverters, ndipo phindu lalikulu lazinthu latsika kwambiri.Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha ma semiconductors apakhomo, makampani opanga ma inverter akuyembekezeka kuzindikira kusinthika kwa IGBT m'malo mwake ndikuchepetsa mtengo wonse.

Kuwonjezeka kwa kachulukidwe ka mphamvu kumatanthawuza kupangidwa kwa zinthu zokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pansi pa kulemera kwake komweko, kapena zinthu zopepuka zomwe zili pansi pa mphamvu yomweyo, potero kuchepetsa mtengo wokhazikika wa zida zomangira / zida zothandizira ndikupeza zotsatira zochepetsera mtengo.Malinga ndi magawo azogulitsa, ma inverter osiyanasiyana apano akuwongolera nthawi zonse mphamvu zovoteledwa ndi kachulukidwe kamphamvu.

Kubwereza kwaukadaulo ndikosavuta.Makampani opanga ma inverter amatha kuwongolera mtengo ndikutsegulanso mwayi wopeza phindu popititsa patsogolo kapangidwe kazinthu, kuchepetsa zida, kukonza njira zopangira, ndikusintha zida zogwirira ntchito bwino.

Dziko lotsatira, kusungirako mphamvu?

Kuphatikiza pa photovoltaics, njira ina yamsika pamsika wamakono wa inverter ndiyosungirako mphamvu yotentha yofanana.

Mphamvu zamagetsi za Photovoltaic, makamaka zogawidwa za photovoltaic systems, zimakhala ndi intermittenncy zachilengedwe komanso kusinthasintha.Kulumikizana ndi machitidwe osungira mphamvu kuti mukwaniritse mphamvu zowonjezereka komanso zokhazikika ndi njira yodziwika bwino.

Kuti akwaniritse zosowa za dongosolo latsopano lamagetsi, Power Conversion System (PCS; nthawi zina amatchedwa inverter yosungirako mphamvu kuti mumvetsetse) idayamba.PCS ndi makina a electrochemical omwe amalumikiza makina a batri ndi gridi yamagetsi kuti azindikire kutembenuka kwapawiri kwa mphamvu yamagetsi.Sizingangosintha zomwe zikuchitika kuti zikhale zachindunji kuti zizilipiritsa batire panthawi yonyamula katundu, komanso kusinthiratu zomwe zili mu batire yosungiramo kuti zikhale zosinthira nthawi yanthawi yayitali ndikulumikizana ndi gululi..

Komabe, chifukwa cha ntchito zovuta kwambiri, gululi lamagetsi limakhala ndi zofunikira zapamwamba zogwiritsira ntchito ma inverters osungira mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ziwonjezeke, zomwe zingakhale pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa za photovoltaic inverters wamba.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ntchito zovuta zimabweretsanso zopinga zapamwamba zamakono.

Mofananamo, ngakhale kuti sikelo yonse si yaikulu kwambiri, inverter yosungirako mphamvu yawonetsa kale phindu lalikulu, ndipo phindu lalikulu liri ndi mwayi wochuluka kuposa photovoltaic inverter.

Potengera momwe zinthu ziliri panopa, msika wosungira mphamvu kunja kwa dziko udayamba kale, ndipo kufunikira kuli kolimba kuposa ku China.Makampani apakhomo sanakhazikitsebe ulamuliro wamsika wofanana ndi wa zigawo za batri ndi ma inverters mumakampani.Komabe, kukula kwa msika wa ma inverters osungira mphamvu panthawiyi si yayikulu, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu ndi ma inverters a photovoltaic.Palibe kusiyana koonekeratu pampikisano pakati pa makampani apakhomo ndi akunja, zomwe zimakhala zotsatira za zosankha zamalonda.

Kwa mabizinesi, ngakhale pali zopinga zina zaukadaulo, ukadaulo wa ma inverters osungira mphamvu ndi ma inverters a photovoltaic ali ndi chiyambi chomwecho, ndipo sizovuta kwambiri kuti mabizinesi asinthe.Ndipo pamsika wapakhomo, motsogozedwa ndi mafakitale ndi ndondomeko, makampani osungira mphamvu alowa m'nthawi yachitukuko chofulumira, ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa msika ndi chitsimikizo champhamvu chamakampani, chomwe ndi njira yodziwika bwino yachitukuko chamakampani a inverter.

Ndipotu, makampani ambiri apindula ndi ziyembekezo zabwino za makampani osungiramo mphamvu.Kutengera momwe 2021 idagwirira ntchito, mabizinesi osungira mphamvu amakampani ambiri awonetsa kukula kwakukulu.Ngakhale kukula kumeneku kuli ndi ubale wina ndi otsika, ndizokwanira kutsimikizira kuti chitukuko cha zipangizo zosungiramo mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zimakhala ndi chitsimikizo champhamvu, ndipo palibe kukayikira kuti kuli ndi malingaliro abwino a bizinesi ndi kukula.

Njira yamtsogolo yochepetsera mtengo wa inverters yosungirako mphamvu imakhalanso yomveka bwino, yomwe siili yosiyana kwambiri ndi ma inverters a photovoltaic.Imayang'ana kwambiri kuchepetsa mtengo wa zigawo, makamaka kulowetsa m'malo mwa magetsi a semiconductors.Popeza kuchuluka kwa zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizokulirapo, zopangidwa m'nyumba Zotsatira zochepetsera mtengo zomwe zimabweretsedwa m'malo mwake zimatha kukulitsidwa.

Ngati makampani inverter imathandizira chitukuko cha zinthu zosungiramo mphamvu zosinthira, kudalira kukula kwachangu kwa mafakitale osungira mphamvu komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwaubwino wopikisana ndi ma inverters olumikizidwa ndi gululi, tili ndi chifukwa chilichonse chokhulupirira kuti makampani am'deralo ali ndi mwayi uliwonse wodalira China. Ubwino wa kupanga, kuberekana kwa chitukuko cha mafakitale a photovoltaic muzitsulo zamtengo wapatali zosungiramo mphamvu, komanso kupambana kwa malonda a mabizinesi apakhomo ndi zotsatira zachilengedwe.